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# Stewardship Plan for Itcha-Ilgachuz Sub Region

Stewardship Plan for Itcha-Ilgachuz Sub Region

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## Pages

- [Home](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/) - Itcha Ilgachuz Land Plan. Evergreen stewardship plan. Chilcotin Ark, British Columbia, Canada. Sub region of the Cariboo Land and Resource Management Plan.
- [Access and Trails](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/community-sections/access-trails-and-transportation/access-and-trails/) - In this plan, access and trails refers to entry onto Crown land, by ground, water or air. Access management is a term that describes how the different types of access can be used to meet a variety of goals. The goals of access management include: supporting responsible development of the area’s agricultural, mineral, range, timber,
- [Contact](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/contact/) - Participate All individuals who are interested in the wilderness or resource management of the area are invited to be involved in the process of drafting and implementing a stewardship plan for the Itcha Ilgachuz Sub Region. These individuals include all stake holders, First Nations, government agency representatives, and the interested public. There will be an extensive amount of research
- [Glossary](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/glossary/) - A Access (verb) To enter an area, by land, water or air.(noun) Physical entry into an area or a physical feature, such as a road, track, trail, aircraft landing site or boat launch, that makes entry into an area easier. Access management Steps taken to make entry into an area either easier or harder, depending
- [Hoary Marmot](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/fur-bearers/hoary-marmot/) - Marmots are the largest ground squirrels in the world. They usually live in mountainous areas and have thick coats to keep them warm. They are very social animals that often live in colonies. They are also very vocal and produce a number of different calls. During the day, marmots feed on the plants in alpine
- [First Nations](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/community-sections/first-nations/) - Issues: Land use plans do not address aboriginal title, which is often the primary interest of First Nations; First Nations’ land-based information and knowledge (e.g., traditional land uses, management practices, spiritual values) have not been adequately incorporated into Crown land management; Some land-based information is sensitive and First Nations seek to maintain its confidentiality; Some
- [Upland Birds](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/upland-birds/) - The Tatlayoko Lake Stewardship Plan Area hosts many migratory birds during reproductive season as well as being a stop-over for more northern migratory bird species. A large diversity of year round resident populations of upland birds like in the Stewardship Plan Area is due to the diversity of habitat. According to the Migratory Birds Regulations
- [Community Sections](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/community-sections/) - Communities Communities in the Tatlayoko Lake area want to be involved in Crown land and resource decisions that affect their quality of life. Read more First Nations The plan area has high recreation values due to its landforms, climatic diversity, relatively undeveloped state, and proximity to the lower mainland. Read more Cultural and Historical Resources
- [Purpose and Scope](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/general-information/purpose-and-scope/) - The Cariboo Land and Resource Management Plan (Cariboo LRMP) is a sub-regional land-use plan in the south-western interior. The plan provides strategic direction for the management and use of all provincially administered lands and resources. Its purpose is to promote economic development, foster stable communities and protect major ecosystems in the Tatlayoko Lake area. The
- [General Information](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/general-information/) - Purpose and Scope The plan provides strategic direction for the management and use of all provincially administered lands and resources. Its purpose is to promote economic development, foster stable communities and protect major ecosystems in the Tatlayoko Lake area. Read more Resource Management Direction This plan has seven parts. Part 1 is the Introduction. Parts
- [Natural Fire](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/forest-and-grassland-ecosystems/natural-fire/) - Natural fires historically burned at regular intervals. By analysing carbon associated with charred trees fire history has been determined dating back to 1580. The natural fire return interval has ranged between 2 to 46 years with an average of 17 years. Of particular interest is that prior to 1920 the mean fire period was 13
- [Fire Management](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/forest-and-grassland-ecosystems/fire-management/) - Periodic burns reduce the incidence and impact of hot burning. In the ecosystems of Tatlayoko, the longer the interval between fires the more fuel builds up and the more dramatic the results of fire. Frequent light burns reduce the likelihood of an intense burn removing all forms of vegetation and burning down to the mineral
- [Biodiversity in Forested Areas](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/forest-and-grassland-ecosystems/biodiversity-in-forested-areas/) - At the regional scale, through protected areas (see Section 4.5); At the watershed or landscape scale, through a mosaic of forests with differing structures and ages (seral stages); and At the cutblock or stand scale, by retaining important ecosystem features such as wildlife tree patches and coarse woody debris. Forests and Grasslands Biodiversity in Dry
- [Biodiversity in Dry Forests and Grasslands](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/forest-and-grassland-ecosystems/biodiversity-in-dry-forests-and-grasslands/) - Grasslands (NDT4a) and dry open forests (NDT4b) have a high percentage of rare, threatened, sensitive or vulnerable wildlife, plants and plant communities. Frequent, low-intensity fires have played an important role in maintaining some dry forests and grasslands (see map). Continuing the role of fire within these dry ecosystems is important to maintaining their biodiversity. Forests
- [Forest and Grassland Ecosystems](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/forest-and-grassland-ecosystems/) - Resource management can be used to sustain natural processes and conditions in forested and grassland areas. A range of wildlife and plant species benefit from conserving representative amounts of old growth forests and imitating natural patterns of disturbance. Global warming and climate change is happening and it is a challenge the entire world is facing.
- [Access, Trails and Transportation](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/community-sections/access-trails-and-transportation/) - Sound management of access and transportation is needed for the sustainable development of the area’s abundant resources. The first part of this section addresses access management; the second part, trails, and the third, transportation. A study was conducted in Alberta to determine the effects of roads on the demography of grizzly bears. Grizzly bear populations
- [Riparian Habitat Management](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/fish-and-riparian-habitat/riparian-habitat-management/) - Fish and Riparian Habitat Fish Habitat Management Riparian Habitat Management
- [Fish Habitat Management](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/fish-and-riparian-habitat/fish-habitat-management/) - Fish and Riparian Habitat Fish Habitat Management Riparian Habitat Management
- [Fish and Riparian Habitat](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/fish-and-riparian-habitat/) - Fishing is important for commercial, sport, recreation, tourism and food purposes. Riparian Habitat (habitat adjacent to a lake, stream or river, influenced by surface water) is vitally important for many species, particularly fish, amphibians, moose, grizzly bear and many birds. Riparian forests are also highly productive timber areas and are important to the agriculture industry.
- [Transportation](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/community-sections/access-trails-and-transportation/transportation/) - Transportation is essential for the movement of goods and people in the area as well as the vitality of local communities and the economy. Local communities depend heavily on the condition of major access routes. Due to rugged terrain, many roads are narrow, winding or steep. Some are prone to rockslides or avalanches. Construction and
- [Water](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/economic-sections/crown-land-and-water/water/) - Issues: Water shortages exist, and are likely to worsen, resulting in competition for limited water supplies. Water licensing decisions need to account for the water needs of fish, fish habitat and aquatic ecosystems. Water allocation planning, which includes information and analysis of seasonal water flows, licensed use, and ecological requirements, is needed. An inventory of
- [Crown Land](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/economic-sections/crown-land-and-water/crown-land/) - Issues:Better communication and understanding of Crown land management is needed.Land Act tenure and development access are critical for economic diversification and sustainable growth.Planning for development opportunities is important to ensure existing and potential uses do not block access to future land allocation opportunities and expansion.Land Act applications need to consider all values and land uses
- [Crown Land and Water](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/economic-sections/crown-land-and-water/) - Sustainable economic development and community expansion depends, to a large part, on the availability of Crown land and water. Water quality and availability can have a substantial impact on the growth of communities and their economies, and on ecosystems. This section addresses Crown land uses administered under the Land Act, water use regulated under the
- [Agriculture](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/economic-sections/agriculture-and-range/agriculture/) - Issues: Agricultural expansion is limited by the availability of affordable arable Crown land, irrigation water and range lands. Current ranching and agri-tourism operations require access to productive Crown range to remain viable. Increasing competition for and conflict over Crown resources from other types of use and development. Loss to livestock due to predator/livestock interactions. Goals:
- [Range](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/economic-sections/agriculture-and-range/range/) - Issues: Improper range practices can degrade rangeland health and productivity, and negatively impact other resource values. The viability of industries dependent on range agreements relies on the maintenance of current range agreements and the ability to capitalize on new grazing opportunities. Noxious weed invasion decreases the health, productivity and biodiversity of rangelands. Lack of a
- [Agriculture and Range](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/economic-sections/agriculture-and-range/) - Agricultural land uses include forage production and ranching, as well as fallow deer, vegetable production, ginseng, agritourism and tree fruit production. Alternate crops and herbs provide further opportunities for diversification. Rangelands are primarily Crown land areas that provide suitable forage for domestic livestock and wildlife. Almost all available rangeland is under tenure although opportunities exist
- [Regulatory Context](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/general-information/regulatory-context/) - General The Cariboo Land and Resource Management Plan is part of BC’s Land Use Strategy. The plan provides government policy direction on land use and resource management within the plan area. All land use and resource management activities in the plan area are subject to laws and regulations for Crown land and resource management. Provincial
- [The Role of Information](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/general-information/the-role-of-information/) - This strategic plan is based on the best information available at the time of writing. Some of it, however, is limited or incomplete. Continued efforts are needed to improve the quality of information for key economic, social and environmental values. Successful implementation of a strategic plan depends on blending its management direction with the best
- [Resource Management Direction](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/general-information/resource-management-direction/) - How This Plan Provides Resource Management Direction This plan has seven parts. Part 1 is the Introduction. Parts 2, 3 and 4 provide direction to sustain the economy, communities and the environment on multiple-use lands as well as protected areas. Part 5 describes plan monitoring, implementation and amendment. Part 6 explains terms used in the
- [Bats](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/bats/) - Focusing on areas in the Kootenay regions to identify bat distribution and population patterns during winter, can further identify regions susceptible to White Nose Syndrome. Areas with habitat features such as open water, mines, rock crevices in addition to elevation and ecotype zones can provide information about bat preferences during wintertime. The Reeves Macdonald (REMAC)
- [Amphibians](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/amphibians/) - Even though amphibians are significant to the wetlands and forest ecosystem they are of conservation concern in British Columbia, due to a lack of vital information such as distribution patterns. The Columbia Spotted Frog, Western Toad, Pacific Treefrog, Long-toed Salamander and Great Basin Spadefoot served as the five species studied during a long-term monitoring project
- [Canada Goose](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/waterfowl/canada-goose/) - The Canada Goose is the most familiar and common of geese in Canada. The size decreases northward with the smallest living in the high Arctic coastal tundra. A brownish body with a black head, long black neck and white chin strap characterize the colouring of this goose. A rich, musical honking is the call of
- [Mallard Duck](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/waterfowl/mallard-duck/) - The male mallard duck has a greyish body, chestnut coloured breast and a green head with white neck rings. The inner feathers of the wings are a metallic purplish-blue, bordered in the front and back with white. The female mallard is a mottled brown with a white tail and the feathers of the inner wing
- [Common Loon](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/waterfowl/common-loon/) - This common loon has a large, heavy body with a thick and pointed black bill. In the breeding season the plumage, head and neck are black with white bands on the neck and white spots on the back; in the winter the crown, hindneck and upperparts dark grey and the throat and underparts are white.
- [Trumpeter Swan](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/waterfowl/trumpeter-swan/) - The Trumpeter Swan is one of North America's largest birds at 60-72 inches in height. The colour of the adult is white with black a bill; younger birds are a dusky grey-brown the bill being pink with a black base and tip. The voice of the Trumpeter Swan is a bugling, lower pitch. Throughout British
- [Waterfowl](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/waterfowl/) - This structurally complex area welcomes a diversity of vegetation species, and supports rich communities of breeding birds: Canada Geese, Snow Geese, Ross's Geese, Mallards, Pintails, Harlequin, Canvasback, and Goldeneye. The riparian habitats are a relatively rare landscape features (Skagen et al. 2005): in western North America, they comprise less than 1% of terrestrial landscapes (Knopf
- [Turkey Vulture](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/birds-of-prey/turkey-vulture/) - The turkey vulture is a large raptor that feeds exclusively on carrion. It searches for carrion by soaring in forested and open habitats, using vision and smell to locate food. Its highly developed sense of smell allows it to find food in dense forest. The turkey vulture nests in caves, cliffs or bluffs, under boulders
- [Osprey](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/birds-of-prey/osprey/) - The Osprey is a large, long-winged bird that is dark brown above and white below with a white head and a prominent dark eye stripe. The male Osprey is usually all white below whereas the female has a necklace of dark streaking. The wing has a distinctive bend at the "wrist" and from a distance
- [Bald Eagle](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/birds-of-prey/bald-eagle/) - The Bald Eagle is a large eagle that is a blackish colour with a white head and tail and a heavy yellow bill. The call is a squeaky cackling with thin squeals The bald eagle breeds from Alaska east across Canada and south to California. Winters are spent along coasts and large rivers in much
- [Golden Eagle](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/birds-of-prey/golden-eagle/) - Golden Eagles are large, brown eagles that have a pale golden wash on the back of the head and neck; the tail is faintly banded. In young birds, the tail is white at the base and black at the tip. Although usually silent, the call of the golden eagle is a high-pitched "kee-kee-kee" or a
- [Birds of Prey](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/birds-of-prey/) - There are 34 species of birds of prey recorded in British Columbia. Of these, 19 species are hawks and 15 species are owls. Birds of prey are also known as raptors and are named as such because of their diet. Unlike most birds, which typically feed on insects, seeds, vegetation, or fish, birds of prey
- [Clark's Nutcracker](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/upland-birds/clarks-nutcracker/) - The Clark’s nutcracker is a corvid species native to British Columbia, Alberta and Western United States. It exhibits co-evolved mutualism with whitebark pine and is exclusive in the dispersal of its seeds. The diet of the nutcracker is primarily pine seeds, feeding them to nestlings and juveniles too. The nutcracker caches the seeds for winter
- [Rock Ptarmigan](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/upland-birds/rock-ptarmigan/) - The majority of Rock Ptarmigan are found in arctic habitats, although small numbers occur in alpine tundra as far south as southern British Columbia. Rock Ptarmigan remain widespread and abundant in Canada but few quantitative data are available on population trends for this species. Information was determined to be insufficient for a reliable assessment of
- [Willow Ptarmigan](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/upland-birds/willow-ptarmigan/) - Because of the habitat niche ptarmigan occupy, few upland hunters have had the privilege of pursuing them. The willow ptarmigan is found across the northern parts of Canada—from Newfoundland to B.C.—and south through the mountainous regions of central B.C. It prefers the generally treeless habitat offered by tundra and mountains, except for winter forays below
- [Sharp-tailed Grouse](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/upland-birds/sharp-tailed-grouse/) - The Sharp-tailed Grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus) habitats are steppe, and grasslands. They are distributed over most of the central and western United States and western Canada. These Grouse are medium-sized, 40 to 48cm long and 500 to 1000g heavy. Both genders are cryptically colored, and the upper body is heavily barred with dark brown, black, and
- [Spruce Grouse](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/upland-birds/spruce-grouse/) - The grouse's natural habitat is in deciduous and mixed forests, especially in those with dense undergrowth and scattered clearings. They occur from the tree line of Alaska and northern Canada south throughout our country. During the summer the grouse feeds on insects, seeds, fruits and sometimes, a small snake or frog; the winter diet is
- [Sooty Grouse](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/upland-birds/sooty-grouse/) - The grouse's natural habitat is in deciduous and mixed forests, especially in those with dense undergrowth and scattered clearings. They occur from the tree line of Alaska and northern Canada south throughout our country. During the summer the grouse feeds on insects, seeds, fruits and sometimes, a small snake or frog; the winter diet is
- [Dusky Grouse](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/upland-birds/dusky-grouse/) - The grouse's natural habitat is in deciduous and mixed forests, especially in those with dense undergrowth and scattered clearings. They occur from the tree line of Alaska and northern Canada south throughout our country. During the summer the grouse feeds on insects, seeds, fruits and sometimes, a small snake or frog; the winter diet is
- [Coyote](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/predators/coyote/) - A grizzled grey or reddish-grey coat with buff underparts, long, rusty or yellowish legs and a bushy tail characterize the coyote. They have arresting, yellow eyes and prominent ears. Average weight is 20-40 pounds. The coyote was originally native only to the prairies and arid west but as settlers moved across the country, altering the
- [Black Bear](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/predators/black-bear/) - Typical coloration of Black Bears in the west is black to cinnamon with a white blaze on the chest and in the east, black. On Gribble Island and the neighbouring mainland of British Columbia individuals are nearly white. The snout is tan or grizzled with a straight or slightly convex profile. Average weight is 200-600
- [Cougar](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/predators/cougar/) - The cougar is a large animal with fur that is short and reddish-brown to grey-brown with white on the underside; the tail is black-tipped. The head is fairly small with small, rounded ears and large feet. The average adult male weighs 125 pounds and the female 100 pounds. The cougar is the largest wild cat
- [Wolf](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/predators/wolf/) - Generally the grey wolf is a grizzled grey but colour varies from white to black. The ears are erect and the tail is bushy and black tipped. The male is larger than the female and average weight is 55-130 pounds. The grey wolf, also known as the timber wolf, prefers the open tundra and forests
- [Predators](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/predators/) - Predators are an important part of ecological balance. These species keep prey numbers in check and prevent over-browsing of and significant damage to plant communities. However, because predator species are often at the top of the food-chain, they experience little to no predation or population control outside of human intervention. As a result their numbers
- [North American Badger](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/fur-bearers/north-american-badger/) - The North American badger is identified as a species at risk and therefore is a conservation concern. They inhabit open forest and grassland areas. They have short legs and black and white fur with two triangular black patches or badges on their cheeks. Their claws are specialized to dig out prey or burrows for resting
- [American Red Squirrel](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/fur-bearers/american-red-squirrel/) - The American red squirrel is rust-red to greyish-red above being brightest on the sides, white or greyish-white below and the tail is similar to the back color but is outlined with a broad, black band edged in white. The coat is duller in the summer and a black line separated the back and underbelly colours.
- [North American Beaver](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/fur-bearers/north-american-beaver/) - This very large, dark brown rodent has a black, scaly tail which is horizontally flattened and paddle shaped and used as a rudder while swimming and as a sturdy support on land and for balance when the beaver carries heavy tree branches or building materials in its front paws. The back feet are large, webbed
- [Wolverine](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/fur-bearers/wolverine/) - A bulky, bear-like animal, the wolverine is dark brown with broad, yellowish bands from shoulders to hips, meeting at the base of the tail. The male is generally larger than the female and average weight is 18-42 pounds. Preferring forests and tundra, the wolverine is distributed throughout British Columbia except in heavily populated areas. The
- [Fisher](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/fur-bearers/fisher/) - 2006 Tolko Industries Ltd Fisher Habitat Evaluation in Mountain Pine Beetle affected areas http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wildlife/wsi/reports/4128_WSI_4128_RPT1.PDF The conservation status of fisher changed from S2 to S2S3 indicating concern for the success of the species population. There is not an extensive amount of research or information on fishers and their habitats. Therefore, this project monitors fishers and denning
- [Pine Marten](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/fur-bearers/pine-marten/) - The pine marten is a weasel like animal that is dark brown to blond in colour with a paler head and underparts. The tail is long and bushy; the ears pointed and small. Average weight is 1-4 pounds. The marten occurs throughout most of Canada particularly in coniferous forests. In April, 2-4 young are born
- [Bobcat](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/fur-bearers/bobcat/) - The bobcat is a native North American species that inhabits forested, wetland, urban edge and semi-arid environments. Though the bobcat prefers rabbits and hares, it will hunt anything from insects, chickens, geese and other birds and small rodents to deer. Prey selection depends on location and habitat, season, and abundance. Like most cats, the bobcat
- [Lynx](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/fur-bearers/lynx/) - Lynx are distributed throughout Tatlayoko. They are nocturnal and solitary animals that prefer dense forests or areas of high latitudes with deep snow where their large wide paws act like snow shoes, allowing them to travel on top of the snow and elude competitors. Lynx have relatively large territories, with home ranges spanning an average
- [Fur Bearers](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/fur-bearers/) - Fur bearers is a traditional term used for animals that were sought-after by hunters, trappers, and First Nations for their pelts and furs. The Evergreen Stewardship Plan Sub Region hosts a large number of fur-bearing species. Of the pool of priority species that have suitable habitat in the Plan area, the species included in this
- [Mountain Caribou](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/ungulates/mountain-caribou/) - Historically, Mountain Caribou populated Tatlayoko area Management Units. The natural environment is still suitable for the species; however human activities have prevented Mountain Caribou from repopulating the area. The mountain caribou species is a subspecies of the caribou species that can be found in BC and that is in serious decline due to many threats
- [California Big Horn Sheep](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/ungulates/california-big-horn-sheep/) - To remain healthy and viable, bighorn sheep need productive preferred forage, adequate thermal and security cover and limited disturbance and impediments on key ranges (e.g., winter/lambing range, critical winter range, and migration corridors). The focus of management is on migration corridors, lambing grounds and winter range. Management for mule deer winter range provides adequate bighorn
- [Mountain Goat](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/ungulates/mountain-goat/) - Mountain Goats favour steep, rocky and rugged areas for escape terrain, and generally do not forage more than 400 metres from it. They spend winters in timbered areas on steep, south- and west-facing slopes or on wind-blown ridges where forage is exposed. Summer maternity groups move to alpine ridges and basins above this winter range.
- [Rocky Mountain Elk](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/ungulates/rocky-mountain-elk/) - To remain healthy, elk need security and snow interception cover, adequate forage, and movement opportunities, especially between summer and winter habitats. General issues across the Sub Region will be addressed below, followed by management plans specific to individual populations. Issues: Reduction in the quality and distribution of essential habitat including snow interception cover, forage, security
- [Canadian Moose](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/ungulates/canadian-moose/) - Critical components of moose habitat are suitable forage, thermal shelter in both summer and winter, and limited human disturbance. Moose management focuses on winter and summer/reproductive ranges and moose management units established for high value sites (see map). According to the Safari Club International Record Books, the boundary between the Canadian moose and Shiras moose
- [Ungulates](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/ungulates/) - Ungulates, or split-hoofed animals, are an important group of animals due to their popularity in hunting and their regulating effect on ecosystem balance. There is a high population of ungulates in the Evergreen Stewardship Plan Sub Region, although many are currently facing population decreases due to increased predation and/or human-induced displacement. Of the pool of
- [Wildlife](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/) - Three major air masses converge in Sub Region: wet coastal air from the west, cold plateau air from the north, and dry interior air from the east. Annual precipitation varies from 2,000 mm in the west to 300mm in the east. Much of the area is semi-arid, in the Coast Mountains’ rain shadow. As a
- [Mule Deer](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/ungulates/mule-deer/) - Snow depth can limit mule deer movement, making winter range areas with low snow levels and adequate forage important for mule deer survival. Winter range (see map) is considered a limiting habitat factor, but others include habitat degradation, predation, unregulated harvest and disease. General issues across the Sub Region will be addressed below, followed by
- [Knapweed](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/plants/knapweed/) - The Chilcotin Ark have been used for generations by several First Nations groups and has also been important for mining, ranching, hunting and recreational use in British Columbia. In order to recover affected areas and maintain the unique biodiversity of the area, wilderness research, education and special management processes are required. Ungulates such as moose,
- [Hogweed](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/plants/hogweed/) - The Chilcotin Ark have been used for generations by several First Nations groups and has also been important for mining, ranching, hunting and recreational use in British Columbia. In order to recover affected areas and maintain the unique biodiversity of the area, wilderness research, education and special management processes are required. Ungulates such as moose,
- [Burdock](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/plants/burdock/) - The Chilcotin Ark has been used for generations by several First Nations groups and has also been important for mining, ranching, hunting and recreational use in British Columbia. In order to recover affected areas and maintain the unique biodiversity of the area, wilderness research, education and special management processes are required. Ungulates such as moose,
- [Balsam Root](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/plants/balsam-root/) - General issues across the Sub Region will be addressed below, followed by management plans specific to individual populations. Issues: Prime habitat areas are being closed in by coniferous tree species Goals: Map prime habitat areas Plants Whitebark Pine Cow Parsnip Wild Potatoes Wild Onions Balsam Root Burdock Hogweed Knapweed
- [Wild Onion](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/plants/wild-onion/) - General issues across the Sub Region will be addressed below, followed by management plans specific to individual populations. Issues: Prime habitat areas are being closed in by coniferous tree species Goals: Map prime habitat areas Plants Whitebark Pine Cow Parsnip Wild Potatoes Wild Onions Balsam Root Burdock Hogweed Knapweed
- [Wild Potatoes](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/plants/wild-potatoes/) - General issues across the Sub Region will be addressed below, followed by management plans specific to individual populations. Issues: Prime habitat areas are being closed in by coniferous tree species Goals: Map prime habitat areas Plants Whitebark Pine Cow Parsnip Wild Potatoes Wild Onions Balsam Root Burdock Hogweed Knapweed
- [Cow Parsnip](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/plants/cow-parsnip/) - General issues across the Sub Region will be addressed below, followed by management plans specific to individual populations. Issues: Prime habitat areas are being closed in by coniferous tree species Goals: Map prime habitat areas Plants Whitebark Pine Cow Parsnip Wild Potatoes Wild Onions Balsam Root Burdock Hogweed Knapweed
- [Whitebark Pine](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/plants/whitebark-pine/) - A five-needle pine species able to survive the climatic conditions of the subalpine ecosystem, whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is an endangered species (British Columbia “blue listed”, BC CDC, 2015) that occurs in mountainous regions of British Columbia. It is a keystone species that allows the establishment of diverse plant communities through its role in moderating
- [Plants](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/plants/) - Three major air masses converge in Sub Region: wet coastal air from the west, cold plateau air from the north, and dry interior air from the east. Annual precipitation varies from 2,000 mm in the west to 300mm in the east. Much of the area is semi-arid, in the Coast Mountains’ rain shadow. As a
- [Prescribed Fire](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/forest-and-grassland-ecosystems/prescribed-fire/) - Prescribed fires are intended to improve ecosystem balance and nutrient turnover. They are important for many species that depended on grasses and shrubs in the understory for grazing. Prescribed fire locations are usually selected based on habitat value, size of area, ease of ignition and control, and the interval since the last local burn. Many
- [Table of Contents](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/table-of-contents/) - General Information Resource Management DirectionPurpose and ScopeRegulatory ContextThe Role of Information Plan Implementation Implementation, Monitoring and Amendment Extra Pages Home pageGlossary Environmental Sections Fish and Riparian HabitatFish Habitat ManagementRiparian Habitat Management Forest Biodiversity and Grassland EcosystemsBiodiversity in Dry Forest and GrasslandsBiodiversity in Forested Areas Protected Areas PlantsBurdockCow ParsnipHogweedWhitebark PineWild OnionWild PotatoesBalsam RootWildlifeUngulatesFur BearersPredatorsUpland BirdsBirds of
- [Environmental Sections](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/) - The land is one organism. Its parts, like our own parts, compete with each other and co-operate with each other.... To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering.~ ALDO LEOPOLD, FORESTER, ECOLOGIST, AND AUTHOR OF A SAND COUNTY ALMANAC (1949); FROM ROUND RIVER: FROM THE JOURNALS OF ALDO LEOPOLD (1953)
- [Economic Sections](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/economic-sections/) - Timber and Silviculture Forestry is the main economic sector, providing about one quarter of local employment. Read more Tourism and Recreation The plan area has high recreation values due to its landforms, climatic diversity, relatively undeveloped state, and proximity to the lower mainland. Read more Agriculture and Range Farms and rangelands help sustain the local
- [Chilko Lake / Nemiah Valley](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/ungulates/california-big-horn-sheep/chilko-lake-nemiah-valley/) - California Big Horn Sheep Prescriptive California Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana) are suited to rugged, mostly treeless terrain, to foraging sites with low-growing grasses to regions with shallow snow cover. They occur in the driest climate and on south to south-west oriented mountains. Bighorn sheep usually spend the winter on low-elevation bunchgrass ranges, ponderosa pine
- [Taseko](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/ungulates/california-big-horn-sheep/taseko/) - California Big Horn Sheep Prescriptive The California Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) is a sturdy ungulate who lives in grasslands and several shrub lands along the western flanks of the south-west interior of British Columbia and extends southwards of the east side of the Coast and Cascade ranges into Northern California. Those sheep are gregarious but
- [Mountain Goat MU Tatlayoko](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/ungulates/mountain-goat/mountain-goat-mu-tatlayoko/) - Mountain Goats are native to the Cayoosh Mountain range. They are tolerant to a wide range of climates. However, they are highly dependent on steep slopes and ridges to avoid predators. Therefore, they are mostly found in remote areas and above the tree line (1,800 to 2,000 m) to be undisturbed during birthing, rearing and
- [Mountain Goat MU Chilko Lake / Nemiah Valley](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/ungulates/mountain-goat/mountain-goat-mu-chilko-lake-nemiah-valley/) - Mountain Goat Prescriptive They are tolerant to a wide range of climates. However, they are highly dependent on steep slopes and ridges to avoid predators (Hamel and Cote 2007). Therefore, they are mostly found in remote areas and above the tree line (1,800 to 2,000 m) to be undisturbed during birthing, rearing and foraging. During
- [Rocky Mountain Elk Prescriptive](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/wildlife/ungulates/rocky-mountain-elk/rocky-mountain-elk-prescriptive/) - A re-introduction of elk to the Tatlayoko is an enrichment to the area’s biodiversity. Big predators including grizzly and black bears, wolves and cougars will include them in their diet and thereby reduce predation pressure on other big game species like mountain goats and bighorn sheep. Issues: Historical loss of elk in this region Unbalanced
- [Grasslands in British Columbia](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/protected-areas/grasslands-in-british-columbia/) - Grasslands are open landscapes where grasses or grass-like plants dominant the habitat. They cover less than 1% of British Columbia, but provide habitat for over 30% species at risk. A few important roles that grasslands provide include erosion protection, water regulation, filtration and supply, as well as protection from drought and flood. Grasslands are habitat
- [Protected Areas](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/environmental-sections/protected-areas/) - Protected areas, which include parks and ecological reserves, are created to protect the natural environment, cultural heritage and recreational values of the province. BC’s Protected Areas Strategy has two goals. The first goal is to protect viable, representative examples of the natural diversity of each ecosection. These can include the main terrestrial, marine and freshwater
- [Tourism and Recreation](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/economic-sections/tourism-and-recreation/) - The plan area has high recreation values due to its landforms, climatic diversity, relatively undeveloped state, and proximity to the lower mainland. Major summertime activities include rafting, fishing, hiking, horseback riding, mountain biking and off-road touring. Ski touring and snowmobiling are popular winter activities. Tourism (commercial recreation) offers a wide variety of services and has
- [Timber and Silviculture](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/economic-sections/timber-and-silviculture/) - Forestry is the main economic sector, providing local employment. Less than half the plan area is forested, suitable and economical for timber harvesting (see map). Within the timber harvesting land base, transportation distances, terrain and growing conditions create a wide range of timber values; less than 20% is considered to be high value. Wildlife trees
- [Energy and Minerals](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/economic-sections/energy-and-minerals/) - Hydro-electric facilities on the Bridge and Seton rivers are the third largest in the province. Expansion opportunities are limited. There is, however, good potential for smaller hydro-electric developments. Other energy resources such as solar, wind, co-generation, oil, gas, coalbed methane and geothermal are untested or untapped. The Chilcotin Ark has a long history of mining
- [Communities](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/community-sections/communities/) - Issues: Citizens, local governments and community groups want to be involved in Crown land and resource decisions that will affect their quality of life. Community interests, as expressed in official community plans, rural land use bylaws and other plans, are not always considered in Crown land and resource decisions. Lack of collaboration between different orders
- [Cultural and Historical Resources](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/community-sections/cultural-and-historical-resources/) - Human settlement in the plan area dates back thousands of years. There are many archaeological and historical sites. Most archaeological sites are found along valley bottoms and on benches beside the main rivers. Stein and Botanie valleys are examples of traditional use areas where important local and regional gatherings took place. The Fraser and Thompson
- [Visual Landscape Management](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/community-sections/visual-landscape-management/) - The appearance of local landscapes is important to people who live, work and recreate in the plan area. Due to terrain, most activities have the potential to affect visual quality. Visual design principles are encouraged for use throughout the plan area. These include: scale of alteration; appearance of openings; shape of openings; fit to landform;
- [Implementation](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/implementation/) - Implementation, Monitoring and Amendment Implementation of the Tatlayoko Land and Resource Management Plan is primarily the responsibility of provincial regulatory agencies. LRMPs are implemented through resource management decisions made by provincial statutory decision-makers. Aspects of the plan are also implemented through activities, projects and partnerships with licensees, tenure holders and area users. The rate of
- [Sample Page](https://itcha-ilgachuz.stewardship.foundation/sample-page/) - This is an example page. It's different from a blog post because it will stay in one place and will show up in your site navigation (in most themes). Most people start with an About page that introduces them to potential site visitors. It might say something like this: Hi there! I'm a bike messenger

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